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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2023 | Volume
: 12
| Issue : 1 | Page : 59 |
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Comparative evaluation of frictional characteristics between nano coated and non coated orthodontic brackets and arch wire configuration-An experimental in vitro study
M Hemanth, SW Afshan, B Alif Ahmed, JP Darsan, M Aravind, MP Suchitra
Department of Orthodontics, Dayanada Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| Date of Submission | 08-Apr-2023 |
| Date of Decision | 21-May-2023 |
| Date of Acceptance | 30-May-2023 |
| Date of Web Publication | 04-Sep-2023 |
Correspondence Address:
B Alif Ahmed
Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka – 560078
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/jos.jos_47_23
OBJECTIVE: To compare and assess the coefficient of frictional resistance between nano-coated orthodontic brackets and orthodontic archwires with conventional orthodontic brackets and archwires
METHODOLOGY: In this experimental study, 128 samples were divided into 4 groups consisting of 32 orthodontic wires and brackets in each group. The samples were randomly allocated into GROUP A- ZNO nanoparticle coated archwires and brackets, GROUP B ZNO nanoparticle coated bracket and conventional archwire, GROUP C-ZNO nanoparticle coated archwire and conventional bracket, and GROUP D- conventional archwire and bracket after positioning them on special jigs frictional resistance was studied and evaluated. Bon – Ferroni test was used for inter group comparison and one way ANOVA was used for intr-group comparison.
RESULTS: The lowest mean frictional resistance is seen with Group A (nanocoated archwire with nanocoated bracket) N = 0.3401 ± 0.420; and highest with Group D (conventional brackets with conventional archwires) N = 0.8413 ± 0.60. a significant difference in mean frictional resistance was observed between the groups (P ≤ 0.01). The frictional resistance for the groups was in the following order from lowest to highest: group A < B < C < D.
CONCLUSION: The study showed decreased friction in ZNO nanoparticle coated archwires and brackets than conventional archwires and brackets.
Keywords: Arch wires, brackets, frictional resistance, Zno nanoparticles
How to cite this article:
Hemanth M, Afshan S W, Ahmed B A, Darsan J P, Aravind M, Suchitra M P. Comparative evaluation of frictional characteristics between nano coated and non coated orthodontic brackets and arch wire configuration-An experimental in vitro study. J Orthodont Sci 2023;12:59 |
How to cite this URL:
Hemanth M, Afshan S W, Ahmed B A, Darsan J P, Aravind M, Suchitra M P. Comparative evaluation of frictional characteristics between nano coated and non coated orthodontic brackets and arch wire configuration-An experimental in vitro study. J Orthodont Sci [serial online] 2023 [cited 2023 Sep 21];12:59. Available from: https://www.jorthodsci.org/text.asp?2023/12/1/59/385071 |
| Introduction | |  |
The orthodontic fixed appliance consists of brackets and arch wires. The bracket or archwires slide over each other during the treatment and create friction.[1] This friction between the arch wire and bracket is the main drawback of the sliding technique particularly in extraction cases or spacing cases which takes time for space closure and can tax the anchorage
During space closure orthodontists usually use 19 × 25 stainless steel arch wire, there is a need to apply a higher force of 12% to 60% to overcome friction in space closure,[2] This friction depends on the inert properties of the materials used in manufacturing archwire and bracket, saliva, pellicle formation, deformation of the wire-like notching, the critical angle that the wire has with the bracket.
Minimizing friction will result in reduced levels of the clinically applied orthodontic force. Such a reduction might improve both anchorage control and the direction of tooth movement. It can also reduce the risk of apical root resorption and may even shorten the treatment duration.[3]
Various methods to reduce friction like changing the dimension or shape of the wire, using low friction brackets, as well as application of loop mechanics or TADS are being used,[3] further coating the wire and bracket with nanoparticles have proven to reduce friction as economically feasible solution Kachoei et al. revealed that there is a reduction in friction by coating the SS wires with ZnO nanoparticles. ZnO nanoparticles exhibit low toxicity and biocompatibility, making them appropriate for biomedical applications.[2],[3]
Coating of the arch wires and reduction in friction has been observed in various studies but very few studies have been done on Coating of the bracket and its contribution to reduction of friction.
Hence the objective of this study is to assess the friction by coating the arch wires and brackets with zinc oxide nanoparticles and to determine whether coating either the bracket or the archwire or coating both can produce any significant decrease in frictional resistance.
| Material and Method | | |
ZnO nanoparticles particles (30-50 mn) purity (99.9%), MBT metal SS brackets (0.022 × 0.028) slot prescription, and 19 × 25 SS (3M UNITEK) arch wires were coated [Figure 1]
Coating procedure
Straight pieces of 19 × 25 orthodontic SS wires and metal brackets were ultrasonically cleaned with ethanol solution for 10 min at 30°C followed by immersing in a 4 M potassium hydroxide at 100°C for 30 min. This surface treatment enhances the film adhesion by the dissolution of the surface oxides. The wires were placed in the bathtub containing the 100 ml of either ZnO nanoparticle solution for 30 min, then they were removed from the tub and kept in a hanger and the brackets were put in a colander and painted with a solution of nanoparticle, and air-dried for 2 min. Finally, they were placed in a hot air oven at 160°C for 3 min[4] [Figure 2]
A 150 × 3 × 20 mm SS plate jig was prepared on which brackets were bonded with cold cure epoxy resin adhesive [Figure 3]
A total of 128 samples were prepared and orthodontic wires and brackets were coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles the wires and orthodontic brackets will be organized as groups mentioned in [Table 1].
Coefficient of friction was measured with a universal testing machine (model 5582, MECMESIN) at a room temperature of 25-degree Celsius in the dry state. Each bracket was tested only once, and each wire specimen was drawn through 1 bracket only, to eliminate the influence of wear.
The bracket-wire Jig was positioned vertically in the universal testing machine [Figure 4]. The 10-N load cell will be calibrated, and the arch wires was drawn through the brackets as the crosshead moves up and down at a rate of 0.5 mm per minute. The resulting frictional force was recorded on a computer in the form of. Peak values in the graphs represent friction. Similarly, friction was measured and recorded on a graph for all bracket and archwire combinations.
Statistical analysis
SPSS software was used to calculate the sample size, A total of 128 samples with 32 samples per group was estimated (α-0.01)
A statistical significance of 0.01 is considered for this research. The cut-off for P from 0.05 to 0.01 specifically for this research because there are 5 research questions followed by 5 research hypotheses. in the wake of multiple hypotheses
BON-FERRONI correction was done for the P value using the following formula
The data of coefficient of friction so collected from the samples in each group was entered into the spreadsheet of SPSS software and subjected to statistical analysis
ONEWAY ANOVA that is an analysis of variance is used to test whether the difference in surface roughness and coefficient of friction between the groups are statistically significant at (P ≤ 0.01) provided the data from each group shows a normal distribution.
After doing ANOVA or Kruskalwallis test if the result is statistically significant at (P ≤ 0.01) appropriate posthoc tests would be done to find out between which groups the difference is statistically significant at (P ≤ 0.01). (A to B),(B to C),(C to D), (D to A),(A to C),(B to D)
This study is approved by INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD, (REFERENCE -11-IRB-2021)
| Results | | |
The mean frictional resistance values of the groups were determined using descriptive statistics. The coefficient of friction was determined between the interface of groups A, B, C, and D using one-way ANOVA [Table 2] and intergroup comparison have done using the Bon Ferroni post hoc test. [Table 3]. P value ≤ 0.01 is considered to be significant. The lowest mean frictional resistance is seen with Group A (nanocoated archwire with nanocoated bracket) N = 0.3401 ± 0.420; and highest with Group D (conventional brackets with conventional arch wires) N = 0.8413 ± 0.60. a significant difference in mean frictional resistance was observed between the groups (P ≤ 0.01). The frictional resistance for the groups was in the following order from lowest to highest: group A < B < C < D. [Figure 5] | Table 3: Intergroup comparison of frictional resistance using Bon Ferroni test
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Friction between wire and bracket depends on several variables, such as bracket width, wire size, and material of bracket and wire, have been investigated and several frictional studies have been published. Nanoparticles have been utilized to coat orthodontic brackets and wires to improve their properties and surface characteristics. According to Rapoport et al. and Cizaire et al. NP decreases the friction by acting as a spacer and improving the surface topography of the wires. This decreased friction can reduce the side effects of orthodontic treatment and also decreases treatment time.[5],[6],[7]
Although many in vitro studies were conducted no qualitative analysis was performed. Among the studies included in this review, eight of them reported a significant reduction in the friction of orthodontic arch wires coated with NP.[7],[8],[9]
The studies by Redlich et al.[10],[11] and Samorodnitzky Naveh et al.[12] have not mentioned the sample size evaluated, and sample size calculation was also not performed; thus, these studies were assigned a moderate quality of methodology. In the study by Kachoei et al.,[9] a moderate quality of evidence was assigned as the study failed to clearly state the statistical significance of the evaluated outcome. In the study by Shah et al.,[8] the sample size calculation based on the reference article has been clearly mentioned. In the studies by., Behroozian et al., and Kachoei et al.[3],[4],[9] Sample size calculation was not performed, but the sample size was mentioned, so it becomes difficult to assess whether the sample size is sufficient or not.
The coating technique used in this study was a sol-gel thin film dipping process, which has advantages like greater structural homogeneity, and high purity that can be obtained at lower temperatures with lower chemical durability. In addition, this technique can be performed in a clinic chairside.
The mechanism of frictional reduction after the deposition of nanoparticles was explained by Rapoport et al.[5] and Cizaire et al.,[6] when the wire and the bracket slot are parallel to each other, nanoparticles function as a spacer, and friction decreases. Increasing the angle between the wire and the slot increases frictional forces. At this stage some of these nanoparticles become flaked and disintegrated under the application of force and sliding becomes smooth. Further ZnO nanoparticles decrease friction as a mechanism protecting wires against oxidation of metallic surfaces.[3],[13]
Among many coatings, ZnO is advantageous the fact that it is biocompatible and tests have not shown any toxicity of ZnO on human cells.[14]
According to a study done by Gandini et al.,[15] the metal ligature produces less frictional force than elastomeric ligatures, hence ligature wires are used for ligation in this study.
ZnO nanoparticles when coated with bracket and wire showed a significant decrease in friction (N = 0.3401 ± 0.420 than conventional brackets and wires.
This study has also shown coating just brackets reduces friction than coating only the archwire in contrast to previous studies by Kachoei et al.[4] Redlich M et al.[11]
| Conclusion | | |
This study shows a significant reduction in friction when both bracket and wire are coated with zno nanoparticles.
Limitation
It must be remembered in any in vitro study, this investigation cannot reproduce what occurs clinically during orthodontic tooth movement, And the use of artificial saliva negating the oral environment at least must be experimented with before the nanotoxicity study is complete, in upcoming further studies, Evaluating the ceramic brackets by coating with ZnO nanoparticles, self-ligation brackets in comparison with ZNO coated metal brackets and ceramic self-ligation braces is needed.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
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| 12. | Samorodnitzky-Naveh GR, Redlich M, Rapoport L, Feldman Y, Tenne R. Inorganic fullerene-like tungsten disulfide nanocoating for friction reduction of nickel–titanium alloys. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009;4:943–50. |
| 13. | Friedman H, Eidelman O, Feldman Y, Moshkovich A, Perfiliev V, Rapoport L, et al. Fabrication of self-lubricating cobalt coatings on metal surfaces. Nanotechnology 2007;18:115703. |
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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